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Excessive friction on the plantar surface leads to the formation of calluses as a protective response by the body. When there is continuous rubbing or pressure on the skin, the body compensates by thickening the outer layer of skin in that area. This thickened skin, known as a callus, serves to protect the underlying tissues from damage and minimizes discomfort. Calluses are most commonly found on weight-bearing areas of the foot, providing a buffer against the repetitive stresses associated with movement and standing.

In contrast, while swelling, fissures, and discoloration can be caused by a variety of skin insults, they are not the primary response to frictional forces on the plantar surface. Swelling typically results from inflammation or injury rather than friction alone, fissures can be a consequence of skin dryness or cracking, and discoloration may indicate bruising or vascular issues rather than a direct result of friction. Thus, the development of calluses is the most fitting outcome of excessive friction in this context.